Diversity and Structure of Soil Bacterial Communities in the Area of Non-ferrous Metal Plant Revealed by 16S rRNA Gene Retrieval

Abstract

The goals of the study were to assess the diversity and structure of the bacterial communities within the soil depth along a gradient of heavy metal (HM) contamination and to identify indigenous bacterial species in the agricultural area of a non-ferrous metal plant KCM 2000 Group (Plovdiv) by using 16S rRNA gene retrieval. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed for nine samples, which were collected from two soil depths in June 2020. From each library, up to 100 clones were analysed and grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The representatives of the OTUs were sequenced, followed by phylogenetic analysis. The results revealed that phyla Proteobacteria (11.11–71.43%) and Actinomycetota (3.57–33%) were the most abundant. Surface soils (12 phyla and 15 classes) were more diverse than subsurface ones (7 phyla and 12 classes). The lowest diversity at both phylum and class levels was calculated for the moderately contaminated soils from the two studied depths. Thirteen 16S rDNA sequences were identified to a species level, and they belonged to Proteobacteria, Actinomycetota and Firmicutes. This study highlighted that both HM contamination and soil depth caused shifts in diversity and structure of soil bacterial communities.